Cuál es diferencia entre universidad y college en EEUU

Cul es diferencia entre universidad y college en EEUU Una de las primeras preguntas que se hacen los estudiantes internacionales o los migrantes recià ©n llegados y que quieren estudiar una carrera universitaria en Estados Unidos  es cul es la diferencia entre una universidad y un college. La respuesta es que es muy pequeà ±a, pero la hay. En muchas ocasiones, incluso los estadounidenses utilizan los tà ©rminos de universidad y de college como si fueran lo mismo, ya que la diferencia es pequeà ±a y se explica a continuacià ³n. Quiz para los estudiantes recià ©n llegados o que planean estudiar en Estados Unidos es ms importante saber quà © es un community college y quà © son carreras profesionales en Estados Unidos. Quà © se entiende por un college en Estados Unidos Es una institucià ³n educativa superior, generalmente dedicada casi exclusivamente  a estudios de licenciatura. Los estudiantes tras completar crà ©ditos generalmente en cuatro aà ±os reciben su licenciatura en B.A. (Bachelors of Arts) o en un B.S. (Bachelors of Science). Quà © son los liberal arts colleges en Estados Unidos Un tipo especial dentro de los colleges es el  conocido como liberal arts colleges. Son instituciones privadas con pocos estudiantes, generalmente menos de cinco mil, e incluso menos. Se caracterizan porque la mayorà ­a de sus estudiantes estudian a tiempo completo materias relacionadas con las artes liberales, como inglà ©s, literatura, sociologà ­a, historia, etc. Adems, la mayorà ­a de los profesores se dedican casi en exclusividad a la enseà ±anza y no tanto a la investigacià ³n y a la publicacià ³n de sus trabajos. Los liberal arts colleges, tambià ©n conocidos como baccalaureate colleges, son famosos por tener una fuerte vida comunitaria. En la actualidad, segà ºn un ranking elaborado por la prestigiosa revista U.S. News and World Report, los cinco mejores liberal arts colleges de los Estados Unidos son los siguientes: Williams College, MassachusettsAmherst College, MassachusettsBowdoin College, MaineSwarthmore College, PensilvaniaEl exclusivamente femenino Wellesley College, Massachusetts, y Middlebury College, Vermont, empatados en quinta posicià ³n. Las posiciones suelen variar poco de aà ±o a aà ±o. Todos los liberal arts colleges incluidos en la lista cobran matrà ­culas superiores a los $50.000 por semestre y tienen, en total, menos de 2.000 estudiantes. A quà © se le llaman universidad en Estados Unidos Es una institucià ³n educativa superior donde se ofrecen estudios de licenciatura –B.A y B.S.–, maestrà ­as, doctorados –Ph.D.–, adems de estudios profesionales. Pueden ser gigantescas y pà ºblicas o privadas. Como entre los estudiantes internacionales de origen latinoamericano es frecuente estudiar ingenierà ­a es recomienda conocer cules son  10 mejores universidades.   Para los estudiantes brillantes, tanto de Estados Unidos como extranjeros, se recomienda solicitar ingreso en al menos una universidad  Ivy League, si bien tener siempre en cuenta que hay universidades muy prestigiosas y de excelente nivel acadà ©mico que no estn incluidas en esta calificacià ³n, que tiene un origen histà ³rico concreto. Entre las universidades de excelente consideracià ³n econà ³mica y que no son Ivy League destacan: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.)Stanford UniversityCarnegie MellonUniversity of California, BerkeleyUniversity of Texas, AustinGeorgia Institute of TechnologyUniversity of Illinois, Urbana ChampaignUniversity of Michigan, Ann ArborUniversity of ChicagoDukeJohns Hopkins Algunas de ellas, como por ejemplo Berkeley, Austin Urbana Champaign y Ann Arbor son universidades pà ºblicas. Quà © es un community college o colegio comunitario Son instituciones de educacià ³n superior tambià ©n conocidos como junior o technical colleges. Los estudiantes se dedican a obtener certificados o diplomas profesionales o, al cabo de crà ©ditos que generalmente se consiguen en dos aà ±os, a obtener un grado de asociado (Associate ´s degree o A.S. por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Es muy comà ºn que despuà ©s de sacar un A.S. los estudiantes realicen  un transfer a un college y, tras otros dos aà ±os de estudios, se licencien con un B.A. o un B.S. Sin embargo, no todos los colleges y universidades admiten esta posibilidad. Los community colleges ofrecen grandes ventajas tanto para estudiantes americanos o inmigrantes como para los internacionales. Uno de los que ms destaca es el costo. En esta base de datos puede  verificarse  cunto cuesta estudiar en  ms de 1,000 Community Colleges  en todo el paà ­s y tambià ©n puntuacià ³n del TOEFL, los que lo piden ya que en muchos no es requisito. Quà © son los professional colleges En Estados Unidos carreras como Derecho o Medicina se estudian en universidades profesionales despuà ©s de haber obtenido un B.A. o un B.S. Es decir, a diferencia de lo que ocurre en la mayorà ­a de nuestros paà ­ses no son una licenciatura que se puede estudiar directamente al finalizar la high school (lo que se conoce en algunos paà ­ses hispanoparlantes como bachillerato, liceo o prepa). Sino que es necesario licenciarse y luego aplicar y ser admitido en un professional college. Es muy importante planificar con tiempo, incluso con varios aà ±os de anticipacià ³n, principalmente cuando se desea solicitar el ingreso a Medicina, ya que es un proceso largo y complicado. Tips para los futuros estudiantes universitarios Aplicar para ingresar a una universidad o college es un proceso complejo y largo. Estas son las ocho piezas necesarias para tener una aplicacià ³n completa. Para los estudiantes no habituados al sistema anglosajà ³n, esos requisitos pueden resultar confusos y puede dar lugar a que por ignorancia no se preparen convenientemente. Consejos para estudiantes internacionales en colleges y universidades de EE.UU. Los estudiantes internacionales necesitan una visa para poder estudiar en EEUU. Para obtenerla se requiere que previamente hayan sido admitidos por una institucià ³n acadà ©mica. Para ello necesitarn haber demostrado conocimientos de inglà ©s, generalmente tomando el examen que se conoce como TOEFL y obtener un buen puntaje.   Obviamente, dentro de esas categorà ­as no se encuentran ni los migrantes que cuentan con una tarjeta de residencia permanente ni tampoco los inmigrantes indocumentados. En cuanto a las visas, informarse sobre la visa F-3 para el caso de mexicanos  o canadienses que viven en la zona fronteriza e ingresar a Estados Unidos a estudiar pero mantienen su residencia en Mà ©xico o Canad. Asimismo, para obtener una visa de estudiante internacional es neceario  probar que tienen recursos econà ³micos suficientes, bien propios o de los padres o bien porque han obtenido una beca relevante. Tener presente que las universidades tambià ©n destinan dinero a becas de mà ©rito o deportivas. De hecho, 13 de à ©lite siguen la polà ­tica de need-blind tambià ©n para estudiantes internacionales lo que significa becas totales (o casi). Por à ºltimo, dentro del largo proceso que supone aplicar a varias universidades o colleges, ser admitido y solicitar la visa, es posible que se necesite  validar los estudios realizados  fuera de Estados Unidos. Es fundamental seguir las instrucciones de cada institucià ³n acadà ©mica sobre quà © empresa puede hacer la convalidacià ³n. Otras visas disponibles para los estudiantes internacionales En ocasiones, lo à ºnico que se desea es practicar el inglà ©s y pasar unos meses en Estados Unidos o se desea estudiar un aà ±o acadà ©mico de high school. Para estos casos, adems de las visas F-1 puede resultar conveniente informarse sobre los programas incluidos dentro de la visa J-1 de intercambio, ya que  pueden ser una muy buena opcià ³n, por ejemplo: Visas para trabajar y viajar en verano para estudiantes universitarios de otros paà ­ses.Visas para monitor en campamentos de verano. Las opciones son variadas y tanto si se opta por una visa J-1 como por una F-1 de estudiante lo ideal es que se adapte a las necesidades y deseos del estudiante. Conservar la visa como estudiante internacional Una vez que se tiene la visa se debe hacer todo lo posible para evitar caer en comportamientos que pueden ponerla en riesgo de cancelacià ³n. Algunas actividades, como el consumo de marihuana, puede no ser visto como algo grave por los estudiantes, pero lo cierto es que desde el punto de vista migratorio puede ocasionar un gran dolor de cabeza. Tener en cuenta que hay estados en los que es legal el consumo de marihuana, sin embargo, las leyes federales la consideran una sustancia prohibida. Las leyes que aplican a los estudiantes internacionales son las federales por lo que deberà ­an abstenerse de incumplir la ley. Finalmente, a la hora de tener relaciones consentidas con un menor de edad hay que tener en cuenta las leyes de edad de consentimiento sexual en cada estado ya que su incumplimiento puede tener consecuencias serias. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Insights on Love and Marriage From Social Scientists and Aziz Ansari

Insights on Love and Marriage From Social Scientists and Aziz Ansari The big news at 2015s annual meeting of the American Sociological Association was that actor and comedian, and now author, Aziz Ansari would be in attendance to participate in a panel discussion about his new book  Modern Romance, co-authored with sociologist Eric Klinenberg. On Saturday August 22, a huge crowd of sociologists awaited the insights on dating, mating, and marriage that would be shared not just by Ansari and Klinenberg, but also by Christian Rudder, the founder of OK Cupid; biological anthropologist Helen Fisher; and psychologist Eli Finkel. What followed was a fascinating hour and a half of presentations and discussion among the panelists and audience, including these thought-provoking and helpful insights and tips on modern romance. Romantic Love is a Drive Following analysis of brain scans of people in love, Fisher and her research team found that the part of the brain activated by romance is the same one that controls basic needs like thirst and hunger. Fisher concludes from this that romantic love is not only a basic human need, but also a drive that shapes how we act in the world. She explained that it is associated with wanting, craving, focus, energy, and addiction, and that it is separate from but adjacent to both where our sex drive resides in the brain, and the part of our brain that is activated by attachment, which is something that grows out of romantic love over a period of time. Love at First Sight is Totally Possible Fisher explained, after an audience member asked a question about the possibility for success of arranged marriages, that love at first sight is something that our brains are hard wired for. Brain circuitry for love is like a sleeping cat, she said, and can be awakened in a second. You can fall in love with someone instantly. According to Fisher, this is why a lot of arranged marriages work. People Dating Today Suffer a Paradox of Choice Ansari and Klinenberg found through talking to people in interviews and focus groups that dating in todays world, enabled and organized by social media and dating sites, presents people with a paradox of choicewe are so overwhelmed by the amount of potential romantic partners available to us that we find it very difficult to select one to pursue. Ansari pointed out how digital technology has enabled this, citing the example of a guy he spoke with who admitted to checking Tinder on the way to a date arranged by Tinder, and then checking Tinder in the bathroom after having given the current date just a few minutes of his time. Ansari and Klinenberg observed in their study that many young singles are simply not giving each other enough of a chance, and suggest that we need to employ the Flo Rida Theory of Acquired Likability Through Repetition (LOL but really). Ansari explained, Social science shows that the more time you spend with people, thats when you learn these deeper things and develop positive illusions, and the Flo Rida theory basically just states that ultimately, were all like a Flo Rida song. When you first hear it, youre like, All right, Flo Rida, Ive heard this shit before. This is very similar to what you put out last summer. But then you keep hearing it over and over and youre like, All right, Flo Rida, youve done it again. Lets dance! Our Dates Are Too Boring Related to the previous point, Ansari and Klinenberg learned through their research that people are quick to move on from a potential romantic interest after just one date because most of us arrange terribly boring dates. We go out for a meal or a drink and essentially exchange resumes and life histories, and very few of us have an especially good time. Instead, they suggest, we should organize dates around fun and exciting events that give us an opportunity to see what each person is like in a social setting, and to bond over a shared experience. Ansari referenced sociologist Robb Willers Monster Truck Rally Theory, which is based on the experience of Willer and his friends, who started taking dates to monster truck rallies, at which both parties had a great time, and many pairs blossomed into couples with great relationships. We Put Far More Pressure on Marriage Today than We Did in the Past By looking at the way what a marriage is and what we expect of one has evolved over time, psychologist Eli Finkel found that today people expect marriage to provide not only love and companionship, but also to facilitate personal growth and self-expression. According to Finkel, these expectations are far greater than those people have had for marriage in the past, and the problem is, married people today are spending less time together than in decades prior, so they are not putting enough time into their relationships for those expectations to be fully met. He suggests that this is related to a long-term decrease in marital happiness. So, Finkel offers that if people really want marriage to meet these needs, then they need to devote more time to their partners. However, he also observed that those who are doing it are doing it really well, as evidenced by how the proportion of people who are blissed out in their marriages has increased simultaneously while overall marital happiness h as declined. Heres hoping you can deploy these insights and tips as you date, mate, and marry.

Whistleblowers Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Whistleblowers - Case Study Example y’s global business environment, white-collar crimes are extremely difficult to prosecute due to the underlying mechanisms available to suppress evidence. In this respect, whistleblowers come in handy. Rather than taking part in the actual misconduct, some individuals in the corporate setting will be enticed to report misconduct subject to the rewards availed. However, caution should be prioritized to avoid faked whistleblowing intended to collect the offered benefits. In general, high rewards will create an incentive for whistleblowers to expose business and corporate misconduct in the economy. Encouraging whistleblowing will undoubtedly have its negative consequences, but the benefits stand a better a chance to outweigh the negatives. To start with, promoting whistleblowing will force business players to adhere and comply with the relevant laws, rules, and regulations (Vandekerckhove 156). In the process, employer-employee relations will move towards enhanced trust and loyalty. In essence, whistleblowing will encourage both employers and employees to follow ethical codes of conduct. Speculating a culture of suspicion and distrust is only probable if misconduct is an underlying practice. Straight and ethical practices should not warrant fear or worry as far as whistleblowing is concerned. In this respect, whistleblowing will encourage trust, loyalty, and straightforwardness in the society. Amid this, the emergence of negatives cannot be ruled out. Whistleblowing could result in tense relations between employers and employees. In any setting where whistleblowing might occur , employees and employers should unite to do what is right, legal, and ethical. Even though the number of pursued whistleblowing cases is significantly low, the need to make penalties stricter is critical. To start with, increasing the penalty will act as deterrence for corporate misconduct (Richter and Frances 147). Persons intending to engage in any form of misconduct will have to come to

Strategic Planning for International Travel Essay - 1

Strategic Planning for International Travel - Essay Example Today, Spain is next to France in terms of number of tourists and is next to USA in terms of value of tourism sales (Travel and tourism in Spain). Another nation which economy got a badly needed shot in the arm and made a spurious revival of its economy, thanks to its beach and sex tour strategy is Thailand. New Zealand, at the moment, is poised to aggressively attract visitors to its pristine mountains, geysers, lakes and its clean environment. Prime Minister Helen Clarke believes that tourism will give New Zealand unprecedented prosperity. For its travel strategy, it intends to use "the national traits of guardianship and hospitality". Clarke dictates that there must be a vision and must have a foundation or underpinning to which everything else is attached (New Zealand tourism strategy 2015, p.1). The UK, still exulting after bagging the privilege of hosting the 2012 Olympic Games and the paralympic games, has realised the importance of fortifying its tourism industry even beyond 2012 and the fact that for it to be successful in this endeavour, it must have a solid travel and tourism strategy, both international and domestic. ... It has refurbished its VisitBritain tourism agency "to promote Britain internationally in 36 markets so as to generate wealth and jobs across Britain" (VisitBritain, the national tourism agency). To do this, it must foster partnership with private entities and provide them with all the support including advice and needed information. UK has also encouraged the GTBS or Green Tourism Business Scheme, which has "over 1400 members" in its efforts to lure tourists to savor "a green holiday" consisting of pristine scenery, pure unadulterated air and water with biodiversity to boot. This, here, is a fine example of public-private partnership to push through tourism success. The 1,400 private members do the funding while the government sets the right environmental climate for tourism success so in the final analysis, their investments will be recouped in the form of glorious profits. It has been established that Scotland is now the leading ecotourism destination in Europe as 92% of these tre kkers ranked scenery as one important factor that made them decide to visit Scotland for their holiday destination. (Green tourism business scheme). As of today, "the UK's flourishing tourism industry generates over 85 billion pounds a year for the British economy. It is one of our biggest employers, directly responsible for 1.4 million jobs, or one in every 20 people in work" (Purnell 2008, p.1). But this statistic is mere pittance compared to those of USA, Spain, France, Thailand, and the rest of them. UK has to catch up, for more prosperity's sake and more employment for its citizenry. It's winning the hosting of the 2012 Olympic Games is one golden opportunity it must harness to make a clean break and put itself at

Effect of Organisational Culture on Customer Satisfaction

Effect of Organisational Culture on Customer Satisfaction Researches by some academics have made it known that a companys culture is closely linked to its effectiveness and efficiency (Kotter Heskett, 1992). In addition, according to (Morgeson, Krishnan, 2006) customer satisfaction is an increasingly significant factor of an effective organization in todays competitive business setting. Prospects arising from increase in globalization by companies, advancement in technology, and outsourcing have meant that companies are increasingly turning their attention to laying greater emphasis on customer service across national borders in order to reduce costs, while at the same time trying to increase customer user-friendliness through day-to-day activities of the firm. ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE (Shein 1996), defined culture as: a pattern of basic assumptions that a group has invented, discovered or developed in learning to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, and that have worked well enough to be considered valid, and therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems. Other shared definitions by learned scholars refer to organisational culture as pattern of shared values and beliefs that help individuals understand organizational functioning and thus provide them with the norms for behavior in the organization(Deshpande and Webster 1989), a set of cognitions shared by members of a social unit (OReilly et al., 1991). According to (Laurie 2008), organisational culture is a combination of traditions, values, policies, beliefs, and attitude that establishes a general framework for everything done in an organisation. It can also refer to the form of beliefs, values, and ways of managing experience that have developed during the course of the organisations history, and becomes noticeable in its material arrangements and the behaviour of its members. (Brown 1998). (Gupta 2009), in his write up, opined that organisational culture is a set of unwritten rules meant to guide the employees towards an standardardised and rewarding behaviour. TYPES AND MODELS OF ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE In order to appreciate the incorporation of organisational culture, it is very important to examine and search for different models to improve the understanding of the concept of organizational culture. I. Scheins Three Layer Organizational Model These three layers as explained by (Shein 1996) below are stages of organisational culture that should be categorized carefully with the purpose of avoiding any theoretical misperception. Artefacts and Creations the Artefact and Creation layer is the observable stage of corporate culture, it includes the social environment. Usually researchers study the artistic productions, technological output, physical space in the artefacts and Creations stage. Values usually values symbolize the significant things for individuals, they are affective wants or needs and conscious. The existence of values is very important for the organization in order to function competently and share ideals among staff. Basic Assumptions a specific group of individuals study how to manage and handle the difficulties of internal integration and external adaptation through developing and discovering the assumptions. II. Denisons Effectiveness and Culture Model The effectiveness and culture model for (Denison 1990) represents the relationship between management, corporate culture, effectiveness and finally the performance of the organization. This model is equipped to stress the important association in management practices with the beliefs and principles when examining the effectiveness and culture of the organization and its performance. Involvement this feature includes constructing the individual ability, responsibility, duty and ownership. Corporate culture is described as highly involved strongly support participation and generate a sense of responsibility. Adaptability the adaptability feature means translating the environmental business demands into action. Consistency is the vital source of power, course, formation and integration. Mission -is the long-term trend for the corporation. According to (Laurie 2008) organisational culture can be grouped into four main classes namely power culture, role culture, task culture, and person culture. Power Culture- entirely dependent on central power source and control is excercised by key individuals. Role Culture this type of culture is characretised by bureacracy and is based on rationalisation of all aspects of the organisation with role and job description more important than the individual. Emphasis is laid on position as the main source of power. Task Culture job or project oriented. Person Culture here, the individual is the central focus and every resource available is there to serve the individuals within it. (Laurie 2008). The type of culture inherent in an organisation may be decisive for organisations ability to serve its customers effectively. For example, organisations with a culture with respect for the interest of people value their members by displaying concern for their well-being, growth, and development and lay emphasis on the need for cooperation. Such a culture is more effective than one that emphasizes power, control. (Gupta 2009) went further by suggest the existence of two levels in organisational culture; The visible aspect of the organization which he said is reflected in artifacts, symbols and visible behavior of employees, and the hidden aspect which is related to fundamental values and assumptions that employees make regarding the acceptable and unacceptable behaviors in the organisation. Organisational culture in its entirety consists of traditions, values, norms and physical signs (artefacts) of organisation members and their activities. Practically speaking, the members of an organisation will eventually come to understand the particular culture of their organisation. Then, although the culture is one of those factors that are difficult to express definitely, nevertheless everyone knows it when they sense it. Hidden rules and assumptions become an organisational culture as these rules are implemented over time. A strong culture shapes the behaviour pattern members of the organisation in the absence of policies, procedures or advice from supervisors and managers. CUSTOMER SATISFACTION Satisfaction is a general customer attitude by a consumer towards a service provider and an emotional reaction to the difference between what customers anticipate and what they receive in terms of service and or product. When customers are satisfied, they are more likely to return, while dissatisfied customers are more likely to go elsewhere (Levesque and McDougall, 1996, Zineldin, 2000). Customer satisfaction is an important constituent of a successful and thriving organization and can be directly associated to increased profit margins and greater employee satisfaction, customer retention, and repeat purchases to organisations that consider customer satisfaction a key factor in its marketing strategy. An organizations social setting-whether it is called culture or climate-is an important driver of customer satisfaction. As stated by, (Ferris et al., 1998) organizational climate can facilitate a positive relationship between human resource practices and customer satisfaction, support ing a social context model for predicting customer satisfaction. Against this background, this paper aims to explore the way organisational culture affects customer satisfaction in the automobile industry setting, based on the general perceptions of front-line employees. However, according to Darby et al.s (1997) the customer service positioning show a positive relationship with different procedures of measuring customer satisfaction, and consequently it is assumed in this paper that the degree to which front-line employees are oriented towards customer satisfaction is an revealing measure of customer satisfaction. (Schneider et al., 1998) reiterated that there are different dimensions to employees understanding of the appropriate form of organisational culture, based on whether they are managers or not. Such differences in perception are linked to their different positions within the organisation. In addition, since the front-line employees (managers) deal with more pressure, managerial demands, and are responsible for their subordinates, they will be more likely able to understand the possible effects of organisational culture on customers. RESEARCH AIMS AND OBJECTIVES After a critical analysis of the research, the following aims and objectives established for this research are: To analyse the effect of organisational culture on the effectiveness of the organisation. To study the organisational culture of Ford Motors. To understand the relationship between Ford Motors organisational culture and customer satisfaction. RESEARCH QUESTIONS Does organisational culture have any effect on customer satisfaction? What sort of corporate culture does Ford Motors possess? What is the effect of Ford Motors organisational culture on customer satisfaction? LITERATURE REVIEW: A number of academic researchers have studied various elements of organizational culture and customers satisfaction. However, only a few experimental studies have studied the link between the characteristics of an organizations work environment (organisational culture) and this important aspect of organizational effectiveness (customer satisfaction) e.g., Conrad, Brown, Harmon, 1997. Most of the studies that have observed this impact have focused on the relationship between service-oriented climates and customer satisfaction. These studies, while making a very important contribution, have lean towards emphasising on the impact of a climate for service or service climate on customer satisfaction. In doing so, they may run the risk of neglecting some general organizational characteristics that can affect a wider range of organizational outcomes. Starkey and Woodcock (2002) opined that organizations that are less customer oriented are more likely to perform poorly in terms of sales output as against those that are customer oriented. To survive in the highly competitive automobile markets, organisations need to provide products and services that will produce highly satisfied and loyal customers (Westbrook and Oliver, 1991). According to (Asif and Sargeant, 2000), several benefits accrue to the organisation via customer loyalty such as generation of profit, costs related to promotions, advertising, start-up costs are limited. More so, chances of increase in customers will be high, as satisfied customers will recommend the organisations products and services to others. As a result, customer satisfaction can be the key factor to the growth of the business, in term of market share and profit. A popular supposition about the role of organizational culture as it relates to customer satisfaction is that if an organization possesses a strong culture by demonstrating that it has a well-integrated and effective set of defined values, beliefs, and behaviors, then it will achieve a higher level of efficiency. Curry and Kkolou (2004) identify customer focus, participation, and teamwork as important cultural issues influencing customer relations outcomes. They suggested that empowering employees to excel at customer service and ensuring their job security also contribute to customer relation success. According to (Deshpandà © 1999), investigation into market orientation suggests that the existence of an innovative and entrepreneurial culture is strongly associated with exceptional business performance. Collectively, these reports suggest that an organizational culture that puts more importance on customer-oriented behaviours, cross-functional teams, performance-based rewards, adjustment and reactive attitudes to change, and a higher degree of risk taking and improvement, is likely to contribute to have successful customer relations management system implementations. Every organisation has to face the task of ascertaining the critical factors in their organisational culture that will ensure customer satisfaction and loyalty (McDougall and Levesque, 1992). For all these reasons, customers perception of the service experience is frequently the only way accurately to estimate quality level of services and product provided. Within many organizations, identifying these issues may be easy or complex depending on the type of culture involved. In either case, the development of a fitting solution is difficult and the application and maintenance on a long run complex, time-consuming and costly. However, an effective organizational culture is one of the key components influencing an organizations capacity to elicit customer satisfaction and to thrive in the long term. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: Research methodology is basically the procedures and processes of collecting and analysing data. There are two types of research methodology positivist and interpretive. In this study, we would use positivist approach in order to collect and analyse data. According to Comte (1971), researchers that demonstrate the use of real life, data is known as positivist approach. Conversely, when researchers have a set of assumption about the outcome of the research, it is known to use interpretive approach (Malhotra 2003). As mentioned in the objectives, we aim to find the effect of organisational culture on the effectiveness of the organization and to do so, we would have to use factual data from Ford motors, and therefore, positivist approach will be used in this study. Research Strategy According to Brymen and Bell (2007:135), a researcher can follow five research strategies in conducting his research. They are: 1) longitudinal 2) experimental 3) cross sectional 4) case study and 5) comparative. For this study, case study approach will be used in order to accomplish the research objective. This is because the effect of organisational culture would be analysed in this research in order to figure out its effect on the customer relations of the company. Research Approach A set of methods researchers use in order to achieve the concluding remark on the research objective of the subject matter is known as research approach. According to Saunders (2003), there are two types of research approaches available to conduct a research and they are Inductive and deductive approach Deductive approach is mostly used when researchers needs to find a causal relationship between the variables while inductive approach is a widely used method for qualitative researches. Since the primary aim of this research is to find out the effect of organisational culture on customer satisfaction, the researcher will employ inductive approach for the research. RESEARCH METHOD: Different types of primary and secondary sources would be used in order to collect data regarding organizational culture and customer satisfaction. Primary Data is the vital data gathered by researchers via interviews, surveys or questionnaires (Anderson 2005). In this report, interviews and questionnaire will be used to provide the study a better understanding of corporate culture and the financial performance from all level of employees. The source that will be used in primary data is a survey and separate interview sessions with managers, executives and even temporary employees in Ford Motors. Secondary Data: Secondary data will be collected through researchers who are conducting the research. This data will be sourced from many departments and the web site in Zain Company, along with published and academic journals, articles, books, online resources and many other data from previous authors. Interviews: Interview is one of the most effective ways of conducting qualitative research. In this study, interviewing method will acquire a clear knowledge about the organisational culture of Ford Motors. There are many types of interviews such as structured, semi structured, focused group, in depth and so on. In this study, semi structured interview will be used since it is well known method to clear the doubts and misunderstandings that might arise from the interviews. It should be mentioned here that the primary feature of semi structured interview is flexibility from both interviewees and interviewers side. ANTICIPATED METHOD OF ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS: Data Analyses This study will involve both qualitative and quantitative data analysis techniques in order to establish its objectives. A qualitative approach will be used while in order to demonstrate the relationship between organisational culture and overall performance of the company. Conversely, quantitative approach will be adopted to create a relationship between organisational culture and customer satisfaction. CONCLUSION: This research will focus on the organisational culture factors inherent in Ford Motors and the individual effects these factors have on customer satisfaction.

Principles of Decision Making Essay

â€Å"Our economy is the result of millions of decisions we all make every day about producing, earning, saving, investing, and spending† by Dwight Eisenhower (UBR, Inc. , 2007). What are the principles behind an individual’s decision making? According to Mankiw, the four principles of individual decision making are as follows: â€Å"people face trade-offs, the cost of something is what you give up to get it, rational people think at the margin, and people respond to incentives. † People face trade-offs by having to give up something to get what they want or need. This is no surprise for most people who learn early in life that few things are free. A trade off is when you put more into one and less in the other. As an example of a trade-off, many times college students give up spending time with their families and friends in order to do homework and accomplish their long-term goal of earning a degree. Because of â€Å"trade-offs, making decisions require comparing the costs and benefits of alternative courses of action† (Mankiw, 2007, p. 6). The cost of something is what you give up to get it. This clearly emphasizes that there are always costs to every decision that we make. These are what we called opportunity costs. An opportunity cost is what we have to give up to gain something else. It does not always have to be about financial matters but also situational issues. If individuals make the decision to return to school, they not only have a cost of monetary impact on life but also a cost of time because they have chosen to study over their alternatives of working or socializing. Rational people think at margin. A rational decision maker â€Å"takes an action if and only if the marginal benefit of the action exceeds the marginal cost† (Mankiw, 2007, p. ). Economic decision makers act in a rational manner. This means that decision makers prioritize the end results of their actions. They decide based on their wants and needs. â€Å"Rational people systematically are purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives, given the opportunities they have† (Mankiw, 2007). According to Mankiw, marginal changes are just slight adjustments to what is already being done by comparing the marginal cost and marginal benefit of something. This could be an individual going to the store to buy sugar. If the store has two brands of the same size that are of different prices, a person will buy the least expensive because there is no benefit to purchasing the more expensive sugar. Also, if a person desired to achieve higher grades, it is most likely that he would spend longer hours studying and reviewing his/her course. Also, if there were two competing companies, one offering a large compensation with benefits, the other lacking resources to render incentives, it is assumed that the applicant would prioritize the more productive company. In deciding what is profitable in any economic situation, a decision maker has to assess the costs and benefits of any specific course of action. An example of a decision comparing the marginal benefit and the marginal cost associated with that decision occurs when purchasing a marked-up, last minute cruise line ticket for a very important business transaction. The other alternatives are to either drive a car, ride on a plane or wait seven days to pay a much lower fee. The marginal benefits of less travel time, increased comfort and being able to meet the deadline on time all outweighed the marginal cost of the increased fee. The decision made was based on personal incentives and satisfaction. Of course, if the cruise line ticket fee had been higher than traveling by car, I would have chosen driving to have more vacation time and be able to reduce cost. Truly, marginal benefit and marginal cost help in making financial decisions. Our personal budgeting skills will improve as we measure the costs of a financial decision. We will also consider the affordability of the products and services. The principles of economics affect decision making, interaction, and the workings of the economy as a whole because all people make decisions based on what they want and is best for them personally. For instance, the marginal costs and benefits are a vital part of economics because they help provide the relevant measurement of costs and benefits at a specific level of production and consumption. Even if we do not realize it, we all make decisions based on our marginal evaluations of the alternatives. Like in buying a car, we consider not only affordability but also convenience. Economics plays a very significant role in many different aspects of people’s lives. Every decision people make from how much they work, spend, save, and invest plays a role on their economy. Economics is something people use in a daily basis without even realizing it. Applying the said principles in decision making will allow us to plan and organize our goals in a rational and distinct manner. Knowing the cost of doing something will bring us awareness and make us more cautious as we implement our plans. It enables us to identify the trials and hardships that we have to face before reaching our goals. Exploring more about trade-offs brings us to the reality that in every aspect of our life, we have to consider giving up something before achieving what we really want. For example, big or small businesses have to consider the trade-offs in order to gain higher profitability. That is why some companies decrease manpower to reduce cost. On the other hand, doing this means depriving many workers the opportunity to earn for their families. The principles of economic decision making widens our perspective and guides us in implementing productive ideas.

Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa - 1699 Words

In society today, eating disorders are rapidly gaining attention due to high fashion and tabloid glorification of it. The three main eating disorders are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating. Each of these are disorders are extremely dangerous and can lead to not only physical problems, but psychological problems as well. The physical problems associated with these disorders can extend in their severity to the point of death. Eating disorders are more commonly seen in females, but men can suffer from them as well. Except for binge eating, this in terms of statistics is seen equally in men and women. There are varied treatment options for these disorders, including specialized hospitals, medication, psychotherapy, nutrition education and support groups. Eating disorders do not only take a great toll on the sufferer, but also on friends and family who surround that individual. Anorexia nervosa stands apart from the other two eating disorders aforementioned in the sense that this disorder is not solely about the food, but more so, an unhealthy way that an individual copes with emotional problems (Medline,2014). Each of the three eating disorders mentioned presents itself with different symptoms and causes. The DSM-IV criterion for (AN) is as follows: A. Refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height. B. Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though underweight. C. Disturbance in the way in which one’sShow MoreRelatedEating Disorder : Anorexia Nervosa1622 Words   |  7 Pages Bulimia Nervosa To be diagnosed with eating disorder, someone must meet certain criteria. The criterion for diagnosis slightly varies depending on if you are referring to people who (A) fear gaining weight, and have significant weight loss,(B) eating a huge amount of food , then use laxative to remove the binged food, (C) the use of excessive exercise and fasting in order to remove or to reduce the amount of calories consumed, and (D) distorted body image, no matter how thin they become, theyRead MoreEating Disorder : Anorexia Nervosa1658 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen affected by this disorder. The specific disorder that is being referred to in this paper, an eating disorder, is Anorexia Nervosa, the restricting type. An eating disorder â€Å"involve[s] disordered eating behaviors and maladaptive ways of controlling body weight† (Nevid, Rathus, Greene, 2014, p. 335). Another well-known eating disorder is Bulimia Nervosa which is characterized by binging and purging (Nevid, Rathus, Greene, 2014, p. 338). Bulimia is different than anorexia since victims of bulimiaRead MoreEating Disorders And Anorexia Nervosa Essay1948 Words   |  8 Pagesnotion of an â€Å"ideal† body and eating disorders, there is no consensus as to the root cause of eating disorders. The general belief is that eating disorders result from one or more biological, behavioral, and social factors including genetics, unpleasant experiences/trauma, peer pressure, teasing, and family members with eating disorders, among others. There are numerous types of eating disorders. Both women and men are affected by eating disorders each day. Eating disorders can occur from an early ageRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa1493 Words   |  6 PagesIllness Paper – Anorexia Nervosa February 28, 2016 According to the Mayo Clinic (2016), eating disorders are â€Å"conditions related to persistent eating behaviors that negatively impact your health, your emotions, and your ability to function in important areas of life.† One such eating disorder is anorexia nervosa. Not to be confused with anorexia, which is simply a general loss of appetite that can be attributed to many medical ailments, anorexia nervosa is a serious eating disorder and mental illnessRead MoreEating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa1653 Words   |  7 PagesAnorexia Nervosa Anorexia Nervosa is one of several subtypes descending from feeding and eating disorders. It is a crippling life-threatening condition marked by a patient placing restriction on energy intake relative to needed energy requirements, resulting in a relentless pursuit of low body weight in the context of age, sex, development and physical health. According to American Psychiatric Publishing of diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa, often timesRead MoreEating Disorders And Anorexia Nervosa947 Words   |  4 PagesEating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder consist of emotions, attitudes, and behaviors surrounding weight and food issues. Up to 24 million people of all ages and genders suffer from an eating disorder in the U.S (ANAD, n.d.) bulimia nervosa as well as the other eating disorders are considered to be a female eating disorder, a disorder that only affects women which limits males to seek treatment let alone make aware to other that they suffer from bulimiaRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa974 Words   |  4 PagesI have always been intrigued with eating disorders, particularly Anorexia Nervosa. When I was 18 years of age, my mother questioned whether or not I was Anorexic and she took me to the family practitioner, who then informed me that I was three pounds shy from being considered underweight. I knew I was thin, but I was really thin, but also really proud of my size. In an African American urban environment being thin was related to illness and drug abuse. I was often teased about how thin and fragileRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa889 Words   |  4 PagesANAD Eating Disorder Statistics about thirty million people in America of all ages and genders suffer from one of the three main eating disorders. Many people suffer from more than one of the eating disorders. Only 1 in 10 individuals receive the treatment that is needed to recover(AND A). Often eating disorders are known to be triggered by outside factors in their life, but studies show that it is more likely to be a part of their genetics. According to Webster the definition of an â€Å"Eating Disorder†Read MoreAnorexia Nervosa- Eating Disorder1685 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of anorexia are mostly seen on the outside of the victim’s body, but do not be fooled. This detrimental eating disorder affects one’s mind just as much as it would the body. What Anorexia does to the mind is that it distorts the way one views their body. Victims of anorexia become fixated on their body image and overly critical about their flaws and weight. Even being obviously underweight, Anorexics will continuously deny that they have a problem and continue with their fatal practices.Read MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa1462 Words   |  6 Pagessuffer from many illnesses, one in particular is eating disorders. There are many types of eating disorders, but there are three common ones that are known today, which are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. Eating disorders are not healthy, thi s type of disease can be very fatal and crucial to one s health   mentally, physically, and socially. The purpose of this report is to provide background information about eating disorders, strategies to prevent this illness from occurring