Business Intelligence Advantages and Disadvantages

Business Intelligence Advantages and Disadvantages Introduction The purpose of this report is to discuss the both the advantages and disadvantages of using Business Intelligence within a business. As well as to discuss the potential algorithms which could be used to achieve datamining which will allow for discovery of information who may be existing or potential future customers. By the end of this report I aim to make it clear the advantages of incorporating these tools and techniques within the business, and the benefits that will be seen. Business Intelligence Business Intelligence (Business Intelligence , 2007) is a collection various technologies and tools which are used for collecting, organizing and analysing data and information, and then providing the user with the information in a form which will help them with making business decisions. There are 3 major parts to business intelligence Reporting, Integration and Analysis. Reporting is essentially the creation and use of reports, while integration is about taking da ta from a source and being able to modify it to fit another purpose and data source. Finally, Analysis is the producing and organizing structures that have been filled with data taken from a separate source, commonly tools such as OLAP (OLAP, n.d.) (Online Analytical Processing) are used in order to achieve this. This process if often referred to as Data Mining. Using Business Intelligence has numerous advantages and is something that every company should consider using. One of its most obvious advantages is that it can help show trends and correlation in statistics (E.G user activity, sales, and complaints) and this can then be used by businesses in order to improve. Another considerable advantage of using Business Intelligence is also the reliability of the presented information and allows for relatively accurate prediction which greatly improves planning. Although it should be noted that there are some disadvantages to using Business Intelligence, this is that the historical data that is recorded needs to be stored somewhere, and this takes up more memory, which not only means more cost in storage, but also a speed reduction as there will be a huge amount data to be analysed. Another notable disadvantage is the potentially high initial cost, as well as maintenance cost, and although these costs should pay for themselves with improved decision making there is a possibility of the investment not paying off. There are not many disadvantages to using business intelligence, but they should still be taken into consideration. (Disadvantages of Business Intelligence, n.d.) A good example of business intelligence being used by other recognisable companies is that Netflix (Business Intelligence, 2015), the online media streaming service, using this system of business intelligence to work out which shows will be popular, and which of their categories may need a little reworking. This gives them the information they need to stay ahead of the curve and to make sur e the shows that remain on the site are popular. Datamining algorithms With computers being used more and more within businesses, the information that the business needs to function is also stored on these computers (E.G Sales records, customer information etc.) so the ability to scan and analyse these massive amounts of information is incredibly beneficial to not only making business based decisions, but to predict sales trends or areas in need of improvement. There are a wide range of different Data Mining algorithms available to use, the ones discussed here will be the Decision tree, Bayesian Classification as well as K-Means. I have chosen to discuss and compare these 3 as they are quite different in how they operate.    One of the most commonly used Data Mining algorithms is the Decision Tree (Decision Tree Algorithm, n.d.), at the top of the decision tree we have a Root, which is essentially a check on an attribute, and from there the answers to the check make the bran ches. The leaves of the tree are in fact formed from each class label. The advantages of using this algorithm compared to the others is that in order to function it requires to prior knowledge of the domain, the other huge advantage which makes an attractive solution is that it is also very easy to follow and understand compared to more complex algorithms. The complexity for this algorithm can be worked out by the number of leaves that the decision tree has. This algorithm is often called ‘Supervised Learning’, this basically means that the data is already labelled within classes. ( Image taken from ( http://www.saedsayad.com/decision_tree.htm (Decision Tree Algorithm, n.d.) ) The second mostly commonly used algorithm for Data Mining is known as Bayesian Classification (Bayesian Classifcation, n.d.), this algorithm effectively works via predicting the probability that a pattern or set of information belongs to a specific class. This algorithm is often favoured am ong the Data Mining techniques for its efficient results, although it needs to be taken into consideration that if the data is highly random then another algorithm would be preferred over the Bayesian Classification. It is also not recommended to use this algorithm with small data sets as this came mean a very low precision as well as recall. Although this algorithm might seem simple, it’s also highly accurate and is used often in filtering software (email spam, language filters). This algorithm is a supervised learning, as the user provides it with an already labelled dataset. The third algorithm which should be considered for the Crowd Funding System is ‘K-Means’ (k-means, n.d.). This algorithm works by creating groups based on the set of objects this results in the in the members of the group more similar, this algorithm is often referred to as ‘Cluster Analysis’. ‘Cluster Analysis’ is a collection of different algorithms which all follow the same pattern (Clusters, n.d.). The pattern being that they create groups (or clusters) in a way which means that the cluster members are much more similar as opposed to non-grouped members. This is not quite unsupervised nor supervised learning, this is because the user states the number of clusters needed, but it still features unsupervised learning as well as the algorithm learns where the cluster belongs without the user needing to provide it with any more information. I’ve compared 3 algorithms, a decision tree based one, a clustering based one and a naà ¯ve one. My recommendation for use with the Crowd Funding Software would be the Decision Tree, this is for a number of reasons, the first being that it’s extremely easy to follow, even by someone who has no prior knowledge to the algorithm. Also because it’s easy to follow and understand it’s also easy to maintain and tweak it depending on the circumstance. Another major reason that I wo uld chose decision tree is that they work quickly as well being non-parametric. Non-parametric means that the algorithm doesn’t need specific data distribution in order to function. Data-mining advantages and disadvantages The main advantage of using Data-Mining for the Crowd Funding System would be that it could use ‘Affinity Analysis’ (Affinity Analysis, n.d.), this is basically a scan off all the customers previous shopping history and then be able to advertise to them directly. This applies to the Crowd Funding System as we can use data mining to find out what projects a customer prefers and then advertise those projects directly to them. (E.G If a particular user often supports Gaming Software projects on the webpage, then we can use this information to have all Gaming Software projects as the top hit on their home page.) Affinity Analysis can often be used to detect fraud, which is useful for any company. Another advantage that this business can gain fr om Data Mining is Customer Segmentation, this is the process of breaking the customers down into smaller group based on say age, occupation or even gender. The advantage of doing this is that you can then target your advertisement to people who will be highly interested, and the more effective the advertising the more money people will donate to the projects. This applies directly to the Crowd Funding Systems first example, using this customer segmentation the film writer / director will be advertise her project to all her previous fans, or even people who are interested in that genre, this will mean she can reach a much more interested user base. The other huge advantage of Data Mining that can be applied to the CFS is that it can help to achieve Sales Forecasting, this is exactly what it sounds like, and it uses previous sales records to relatively accurately provide predictions for future sales. This can be used by the system for the second example the Kinect mobile phone battery , if they can predict how many donations the project is going to get they can either boost its advertisement, or perhaps communicate with the user that previous similar projects haven’t been able to reach their goal or at least direct them where they went wrong. One of the concerns the current business has is damage to its reputation, using data mining techniques they will be able to not only boost their donations and improve their advertisement, but also be able to learn more from the customers, and this can only be beneficial for the company. Donor exhaustion was also on the companies list of concerns, but data mining will be able to prevent this because it can be used to keep track of what advertisement has been sent to who, and what projects they are likely to bid on, so routinely changing the projects they are advertised will keep the users hopefully interested. CRM CRM stands for Customer Relationship Management (CRM, n.d.) And is used by businesses to keep their customers happy, it uses data mining techniques in order to get feedback and improve on their products constantly. The data mining algorithms discussed earlier are extremely useful for gathering and analysing information and data about customers and opinions on projects. We can then use this information to make improvements or changes where they are needed, and this will greatly increase customer satisfaction as customers will be able to see the changes they wanted. Although it is recommended to only try this with a vast amount of data, and huge amount of transactions. As smaller amounts of data can provide in accurate information. Using CRM will greatly improve the Crowd Funding Company’s reputation and mean they have a lot more satisfied donors. Conclusion In conclusion I strongly recommend that the crowd funding system decides to include data mining algorithms. It has a long list of advantages including sales prediction, improved advertisement, and mostly importantly i mproved customer satisfaction. I would also highly recommend the use of the decision tree algorithm as it’s easy to follow and can easily be modified depending on the information that needs to be collected. It should be noted that choice of data source is important, as some of them may provide useful information, but there are quite a few that should be ignored.   CRM should also be taken into consideration, as using this software has proven to greatly improve the publics opinion of a business. A modern business can’t afford not to use these data mining techniques, as failure to utilize these tools will mean a huge disadvantages against its competitors. The more information that can be collected from this companies customers, the more value the company can provide them, and the happier the customer the more donations that will be made. References Affinity Analysis . (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affinity_analysis Bayesian Classifcation . (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.tutorialspoint.com/data_mining/dm_bayesian_classification.htm Business Intelligence . (2007, March 6). Retrieved from http://www.cio.com/article/2439504/business-intelligence/business-intelligence-business-intelligence-definition-and-solutions.html Business Intelligence . (2015, Febuary 26). Retrieved from http://businessintelligence.com/big-data-case-studies/data-driven-proof-netflix-needs-buy-blockbuster/ Clusters . (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_analysis CRM . (n.d.). Retrieved from http://searchcrm.techtarget.com/definition/CRM Decision Tree Algorithm . (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.saedsayad.com/decision_tree.htm Disadvantages of Business Intelligence . (n.d.). Retrieved from http://business.mapsofindia.com/business-intelligence/disadvantages.html k-means . (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-means_clustering OLAP . (n.d.). Retrieved from http://olap.com/olap-definition/ S tar Schema Notes The use of BLOB is so that the users can store there video sales pitches within the database, after some research I realised there wasn’t a dedicated media storage format and instead have to suffice story it in binary.

Johannes brahms Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Johannes brahms - Research Paper Example sitions sustained in the progressive course of the weakening romanticism: massive piano trios, sonatas, along with other creations like the Piano Quartet in G minor, intended for the ending of which Brahms employs a loud gypsy tune. However Brahms later deserted this path, dedicating himself instead towards integrating the Classical forms through the almost already disregarded early Romanticism, with its gradually separating sense of tonality. Brahms generated a repertoire of compositions which amounts to a shimmering and splendid apotheosis of the harmonious customs of the nineteenth-century. The father of Johannes, Johann Jakob Brahms (1806-1872), worked for his living formerly as dance musician; afterward he was able to set an appointment as contrabassist with the Philharmonic orchestra. During 1830, he got married with Johanna Henrica Christiane Nissen (1789-1865), whom he was about 17 years older. Johannes happens to be the second child in the family. Elise, Wilhelmine Elisabeth Louise, was born in 1831 in addition, Friedrich (1835-1885), the younger brother followed during 1835. Sometime in 1853, on a tour in the company of Remà ©nyi a Hungarian violinist, he comes across Joseph Joachim as well as Liszt. Joachim, who turned out to be an all-time friend, persuaded Johannes to meet up with Robert Schumann. Schumann contained a massive influence on Brahms musical line of business. Schumann labeled Brahms as the "upcoming brilliance of German music." He was very much overwhelmed by Brahms uncompleted compositions where he wrote an admiring magazine article in relation to them. Schumann then assembled for the publication of Brahms initial songs as well as piano sonatas. Once Schumann experienced a nervous fall down and attempted to consign to suicide, Brahms hurried towards Dusseldorf to be there by Claras side - Shumanns wife. His purposes were those of a dependable friend, where he in a little while felt so much affection for her. Soon afterwards, Schumann

Magnet environment in Riyadh Military Hospital ICU unit Essay

Magnet environment in Riyadh Military Hospital ICU unit - Essay Example Many of the United States hospitals have engaged in developing plans required for reorganizing the nurse staffing while reducing operational cost to fit the magnetic environment according to Halligan (2006). These hospitals are using the magnetic approach in restructuring the nursing system that has proofed to be advantageous as it makes use of external management consultants who serve similar role with nurses hence reducing nurse retention. Since the introduction and implementation of magnetic hospitalization in Riyadh military, the hospital has experienced significant changes in its health care method of operation. Most of the implementation of magnetic environment focuses on the nurse job satisfaction as well as their turnover. Riyadh has to device a way o f retaining its magnetism in order to improve its nursing staff condition by examining cost containment and reorganization. The management in Riyadh has however shown that the hospital has been reluctant in revealing its reorgan ization process to the consultants for guidance according to Cranley, Cummings, Ferrone, Harvey and Tourangeau (2010). This is because they believe they best positioned to identify their appropriate change direction. The aspect of magnetic environment implementation in Riyadh should be because the nursing staff has been experiencing significant restructuring as well as external configuration. The general mix in nursing skills and sponsoring therein in service education is definitely an aspect that needs to be incorporated in implementation of magnetic environment. This is because such training reduces nurse attrition as well as rationalizing nurse retention as suggested by Magnet (2005). Due to the current shortage of nurses in the country, Riyadh Military Hospital intensive care... The main topic of the essay is the implementation of magnetic environment in Riyadh Military Hospital ICU unit involves clinical specialists’ deployment, more flexible working schedules, and professional models of care delivery. This essay then tells more about the evolution of nursing as a profession that has led to many hospitals to pursue magnetic accreditations hence a resurgence in the nursing grant rounds. The essay then goes through a specific case of intensive care unit in Riyadh Military Hospital, which is a challenging environment. As a result, there needs, a well-implemented magnetic environment to ensure there is nurse attrition and retention. This is because the intensive care unit deals with critically ill patients. This needs to take place in a magnetic environment where nursing, respiratory, and medical teams need to expect problems and stay informed of the patient’s problem. For the past four years, Riyadh Military Hospital has experienced a rapid impro vement in patient outcomes and this is attributed to the well-implemented magnetic environment. This has been due to the reduction in nurse attrition for those nurses who contribute to their best towards the critically ill patients. The aspect of magnetic environment implementation in Riyadh should be because the nursing staff has been experiencing significant restructuring as well as external configuration. . The implementation department should put into consideration that in promoting the retention of the nursing staff they should focus on modifying the work place.

Company research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Company - Research Paper Example Delta’s other major hubs including John F. Kennedy International Airport, Narita International Airport, Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport, and Salt Lake City International Airport. Currently the organization has an extensive domestic and international network spreading across 64 countries, and it was ranked as the world’s largest airline in 2013 by scheduled passengers carried. Based on the evaluation of different corporate aspects of Delta, this paper will draw some potential conclusions about the future scope of the company. Delta changed its old logo and introduced the 20th one (Figure 1) on 30th April 2007. The current logo is triangular in shape and red in color. One side of this triangular is slightly darker, and this shade adds some depth to the symbol. Similarly the company changes its marketing slogans from time to time, and the current one is ‘Keep Climbing’. The Delta operates both low cost airlines and full service airlines, and the company targets more on business travelers as well as other high ranked international travelers. The firm uses all traditional and modern media to reach its target markets. Delta pays great attention to internet based marketing and maintain official pages in Facebook and Twitter. In addition, the company invests largely in television advertising. Delta is one of the founding members of the SkyTeam airline alliance and the company has also engaged in joint ventures with Air France-KLM and Alitalia, Virgin Atlantic, and Virgin Australia. In addition, the Delta Air Lines has three major subsidiary businesses including Delta Private Jets, DAL Global Services, and Delta Vacations. The company’s strong presence in the global market coupled with its reputed corporate status assists the Delta management to operate its subsidiaries successfully. When operating subsidiaries, the company is able to share its

Different approaches to corporate governance

Different approaches to corporate governance Corporate governance is almost frequently viewed as both the construction as well as the rapports which ascertain collective direction as well as functioning. The board of directors are generally fundamental to corporate governance. Its rapport to the former basic players, generally stockholders as well as management, are vital. Other participants admit workforce, consumers, providers, as well as creditors. The corporate governance model besides depends upon the legitimate, regulative, institutional as well as honourable surroundings of the profession. (Dignam, A, 2006) CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The full term Corporate Governance isnt easily to specify. The condition governance concerns for a procedure of deciding as well as applying the determinations in the concern of every stakeholders. It essentially associates to growth of corporate functioning as well as ascertains right accountability to direction in the concern of every stakeholder. The Cadbury describe of 1991 on Corporate Governance conceives it as the strategy by which corporates are guided on as well as organized. Corporate governance is the strategy through which organizations are addressed as well as handled. It determines how the aims of the organization are fit as well as accomplished, however danger are supervised as well as evaluated, and how functioning are optimized. (Cadbury, 1991) DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO CORPORATE GOVERNANCE JAPAN Abiding by the 1945 frustration, Japanese zaibatu or organization groupings were broken down, firm has intimately determined by governance. The requirement for japan to regain subsequently the warfare headed to end governance management of firm, by a centre on development in exportations as well as marketplace apportion besides profitableness. Organization boards dont commonly assemble often as well as the organization is generally handled by the chairman as well as his functioning commission, wherever actual authority is practiced along with determinations taken which is entirely hand stamps by a control board. FRANCE A lot of great businesses in French Republic have till lately been operated by governance. A few individual organizations for instance: Renault, Michelin who have an eminent external visibility, but almost of these have trusted on a hard basis of French marketplace abide in decree to go international. Almost French organizations are comprised as well as are handled by general manager who are responsible for stockholders. Greater as well as cited organizations are integrated. GERMANY German corporate governing is rooted in the OECD rules of May 1999, which constituted written for cited organizations in Jan 2000 through the German board on corporate governance. (Adrian Davies, Chapter 2) DIFFERENT TYPES AND COMPARISONS OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Board of Directors A board of directors are a corporate governing mechanism which protects the concerns of a organizations stockholders. The board is much responsible in brushing up organization direction as well as taking out persons who do not amend the organizations general fiscal operation. Audits Audits are an autonomous critique of an organizations patronage as well as fiscal functioning. This collective governance ascertains which enterprises or companies adopt domestic accounting principle, rules or different extrinsic guidelines. Audits could besides amend a companys abiding in the organization surroundings. Additional organizations perhaps more amenable to act upon by an organization that is a firm record of functioning. Balance of Power Reconciliation authority in a company ascertains that no individualist has a power to overstrain resourcefulness. Dividing obligations among board members, directors, managers and other persons ascertains that all separate obligations have well reasonably to the company. Making distinct characters besides continue the business adaptable, ascertaining that functional alterations or novel employs could be built without disrupting present functioning. (Adrian Davies) LEADERSHIP Leadership is a procedure for bringing matters executed by folks. The quarterback acts the squad toward a touchdown. The elderly patrol leader directs the group for an eminent evaluation at a camporee. These leaders are bringing work acted through acting by folks. Theyve employed the procedure for leaders to accomplish definite destinations. Leadership isnt a scientific discipline. Therefore representing a leader is a hazard as one could never make certain whether one would accomplish the objective at the least in present time. (Scoutmasters, BSA, 1937) ORGANIZATIONAL CONTEXT LEADERSHIP Commonly on superior betterment efforts top-ranking leadership establishes transformational conducts that were accompanying winner for those enterprises. Public constitution could be demographic variance among the company or capacities for persons as well as groupings. In leadership literature a few accent inclines to sexuality, as well as employees heterogeneity along with its effect on leaders or execution. No stress inclines to the transformational leaders. Operations admit the manner of governing, Human Resource Management strategies and so forth however procedures themselves are not generally the basic centre for the empiric explore. Almost of the reports in the leadership literature discoursed the consequences of province or stipulate as the contextual inconsistent entirely at the greatest stages of companies as well as hold centred on mass alterations along with crises affecting top management squads, chief executive officer along with Boards of Directors. (Lyman W. Porter, Grace B. McLaughlin; 2006) LEADERSHIP APPROACHES Traits approach Leadership trait hypothesis is the thought that individuals are birthed by convinced quality traits or calibres. As convinced traits are assorted by skilled leaders, it adopts that if one can discover individual by the right traits, one would be capable to discover leadership as well as individual by leadership prospective. Group approach In counterpoint to human leadership, a few companies have taken in troop leadership. In that position, much one-man caters management to a squad in general. A few companies have admitted the approach in desires of growing creativeness, cutting prices, or retrenchment. Behavioural approach Behavioural leadership isnt actually a character of leadership. Alternatively, its analyse for the forms of activities as well as behaviours which comprise what the company could address the leadership mode. LEADERSHIP STYLES o Authoritarian or autocratic The mode is utilized whilst leaders narrate their workforce what they require to do as well as how they need them achieved, without bringing the advice for their followers. o Participative or democratic The mode implies the leader admitting one or several workforce in the deciding procedure o Delegate or Free Reign Therein mode, the leader admits the workforce to build the determinations. (Hofstede, Geert, 1977) Situational approach Additional approach to leadership analyses is the situational approach, the primary preface of that is dissimilar positions require dissimilar cases of leadership. A position, among the circumstance, is an determined of measures as well as positions among which the people or troop has to consider in a procedure of activeness as well as with reference to which the action is designed as well as its consequences apprized. Transformational approach Transformational leadership is specified as the leadership approach which efforts alter in people as well as social structure. In its perfect anatomy, it produces worthful as well as favourable alteration in the followers by the last objective for growing followers into leaders. Inspirational approach The power to urge individuals to accomplish large altitudes of execution as well as winner is an attainment that leadership require. Passion, intention, hearing as well as significance assist attain a leader inspirational. (Kendra Cherry) CHANGE MANAGEMENT Change management is an integrated approach path for changing or transitioning people, squads, as well as companies as of a present province to a desirable prospective province. Its an organisational procedure aspired at authorizing workforce to consent as well as adopt alterations in their present organization surroundings. (Hiatt, Jeff, 2010) FACTORS TRIGGERING CHANGE IN AN ORGANIZATION All business carries out points of shift which could drive strain along with uncertainness. To be productive, companies have to adopt a lot of characters of alteration. The extrinsic surroundings are impacted by governmental, societal, and technical, along with economical stimulations exterior of the company which drive alterations. The interior surroundings are impacted by the companys management strategies as well as modes, systems of rules, as well as processes, and workforce postures. (Cliffnotes) APPROACHES TO CHANGE MANAGEMENT Kurt Lewins approach The framework is constituted in a common schemes possibility, a lot of specifically, its referred by the drives that hold down equal schemes or those which breach it down. Socio technical approach It distinguished quasi- independent work on troop as the initiation of some company as well as besides it has greater suitable to the requirements of organization it was little thoughtful to the basic requires of the workforce such as job gratification. Lean production approach Its supported the precepts for zero faults; zero stocks as well as zero languish, by the consolidation of every system of rules. Total Quality Management approach Its accompanying lean output. Alike lean output, TQM employs to the all functional strategy by full incorporated work squads as well as centres on calibre as well as consumer demands. (Stroh, U M, 2005) BRITISH AIRWAYS In the year 1981, British Airways brought out panel afresh chairman. Whilst the chairman commenced, he observed that the organization was really ineffective as well as was ravaging a lot worthful resources. To build the company more advantageous, this chairman determined to reconstitute the whole business. He accomplished that the greatest method to do was by change methodological analysis management program. Consistently, the company set out contracting their employees. However, earlier they acted this, by his change direction leadership, the chairperson devoted the organization the causes for the reconstituting as well as privatisation of the organization in decree to develop them for the forthcoming alteration. Therefore, by leadership as well as communicating, he guided his organization by a hard time which can had unfortunate without competent change management opposition communicating. (Mistyfaucheux, 2009) CONCLUSION Effective corporate governance structures promote organizations to produce esteem along with put up accountability as well as command systems of rules in proportion to on the dangers involved with. Effective corporate governance structures promote organizations to produce esteem along with put up accountability as well as command systems of rules in proportion to on the dangers involved with. (James McRitche, 1995)

A Descriptive Analysis of Nigger: The Meaning of a Word by Gloria Naylo

A Descriptive Analysis of Nigger: The Meaning of a Word by Gloria Naylor What is the rhetor’s purpose? In the essay â€Å"Nigger: the meaning of a word† Gloria Naylor discusses the essence of a word and how it can mean different things to different people in a myriad of situations. Depending on race, gender, societal status and age Naylor outlines how a word like ‘nigger’ can have different meanings within one’s own environment. Naylor discusses how a word can go from having a positive to a negative connotation merely due to how it is spoken and by whom. Naylor shares a personal experience with her audience as she describes the first time she really â€Å"heard† the word ‘nigger’. A young white boy in her third grade class spit it in her face. Naylor states, â€Å"I didn’t know what a nigger was, but I knew that whatever it meant, it was something he shouldn’t have called me.† (Naylor 460) Naylor writes about her own personal experience and is obviously biased. This, while powerful, can also be seen as a limited view of the subject. Her audience only understands thorough her eyes and her experiences. Naylor is trying to educate her audience by sharing a personal experience. I think she wants her audience to sit back and think about the words they use and how others may use them and how this can affect others. Naylor wants her audience to understand how she was affected not only by a young boy but also by how she didn’t really think about the word ‘nigger’ until the moment it was used to hurt her. She is striving to make her audience think about the words they use and hear and how the context these words are immersed in can change the meaning of them. Who composes the target audiences? To be a part of Naylor’s target audience one must have obviously had experience with language and how people use it. She is targeting those who have heard and/or used the word â€Å"nigger† before. Naylor wants her audience to take on her experience and be empathetic towards her. She doesn’t do this in a seemingly pathetic way, as she seeks no pity. She outlines her experience and wants her audience to understand her view and how this view came to be. What roles or personas does the rhetor assume? Naylor assumes the role of an educator in her writing. She assumes a persona of a young girl experiencing a new way of understanding a word. ... ... She uses a conversational tone that adapts nicely to the audience. I say this because draws the reader in and he or she easily understands and accepts her experience. Naylor uses her experience to exemplify her point and to offer validity. One is drawn in by her experience as a young girl, and her evolution of understanding. Naylor makes her audience think about what it would be like to really â€Å"hear† a word for the first time, to look back and realize you had heard the word many times in a different context. What strategies are used? The language used by Naylor is common, as she doesn’t use large words one has to look up to understand. She writes in low style which is effective for her argument. This use of languages conjures an almost friendly relationship with her audience, like she is sitting down with you over a cup of coffee discussing how context can change your understanding of a word. She is sharing a part of her life and experience with the audience in order to shed light on her argument. Works Cited: Naylor, Gloria. â€Å"Nigger: The Meaning of a Word† Ed. Goshgarian, Gary. Exploring Language. Ninth Edition. Toronto: Longman, 2001. Pages 460-462

Blood Bank

Blood bank Although there are any complicated instruments in the blood bank department, but it’s a very important and sensitive section of the medical laboratory as it deals with donors and acceptors of the blood, it transfer for leukemia and thalasemia patients, new born and cancer patients and so many cases blood bank save their lives. Tests that are carried in this department: 1- Some tests, which included donated free of diseases, serology tests 2- blood grouping 3- rhesus factor†Rh† 4- direct & indirect coombs test 5- cross matching 1-serology testsTo ensure that donated free of infectious diseases as HIV, Hbs, VDRL These tests are rabid tests using a card [pic] 2- blood grouping Red blood cells contain on their surface on Ag A,B, and the have their antibodies in the serum on the same red blood cells. That means, that every blood group can give a specific other group and receive also from a specific one in order to avoid agglutination and so blood clotting. [p ic] Method 1: On a slide put two drops of blood- -Add a drop of anti A on the first blood drop, and a drop af anti B on the second blood drop – mix and wait for 2 minutes – observe the agglutination if happened with anti A the blood group is A [pic] You can use a test tube instead of the slide, and then put the tubes in the centrifuge and watch the agglutination found 3- Rhesus factor â€Å"Rh† Is a complex antigen â€Å"D† found on the red blood cells and has its anti in the serum of the blood. 85 % are Rh + which has D in their blood Its very dangerous if persons, which are Rh negative received Rh positive it makes agglutinations, and may lead to death. Method : -As in the blood grouping -Put a drop of blood + a drop of anti D Mix together, observe the agglutination – -If found any agglutinations, its Rh positive. -direct & indirect coombs test This test is carried out to detect the presence of incomplete antibodies, which would react with double of complete antigen making a clot. And these are very serious and dangerous cases. A- direct coombs test Detect antibodies reactive with RBCs and conjoined Bhaotkon these objects is incomplete and not have the ability to cause coagulation alone and shows Taktherha only after the addition of serum Coombs. This test is very important in diagnosis many cases, the most popular is â€Å"Hemolytic anemia of new born†, lead poisoning, some drugs, inherited hemolytic anemia.Method: -Add drops of blood in a test tube and wash using saline 2-3 times( â€Å"wash† as the word means, add saline to the blood and through the filtrate 2-3 times making a bloody suspension) – add 2 drops to the washed Rbcs, and put the tube in the centifuge – examine the formation of any agglutination first with nacked eyes then using microscope. – if found it’s a positive coombs test B- indirect coombs test: to detect the presence of free antigens in the blood, not attached to red blood cells. Method: – prepare a sample of blood group O+ and wash with saline 2-3 times 2- put drops of patient serum in a test tube, add 2 drops of washed O+ blood 3- put in a water bath for 40-60 minutes 4- after 50 minutes add â€Å"bovine serum albumin† to the tube 5- wash again with saline 3-4 times 6- add 2 drops of coombs anti human globuline, and then put into centrifuge 7- observe the presence of agglutination 8- if found before add coombs reagent = presence of anti D 9- If found after add coombs reagent= presence of incomplete anti D 10- If not found at all= negative test. [pic] -cross matching The cross matching test is very important in case of blood transfusion from donors to acceptors as the blood group and Rh should be identical to each other. So sample of blood of donor and acceptor is added to each other and checking for any formation of clotting, if found that indicates that they are not suitable for each other At first the blood group and th e Rh type is detected before carring out the cross matching, and they should be identical Simply add drop of donor blood + drop of acceptor blood and mix well and watch for agglutinations formedIf any agglutination formed that’s means the donor and acceptor blood are not identical The figure below explain the procedure briefly. [pic] Blood bags colors: For keeping blood bags colors are as follows: Red is the color of blood is used to save the type (o) Yellow color is used to save the blood of type (a) Green color is used to save the blood of type (b) Blue color is used to save the blood of the type (ab) This poster, which shows color should clarify the patient's name and for keeping the blood bag and the type of preservative and temperature required to save the blood and the name of the hospital blood and date of preparation.Anticoagulants used in blood bags: Is non-clotting materials added to the blood bags Blood Bag These materials vary its chemical content, which in turn a ffect the period of keeping the blood. 1 – Material CPD: It knows its components citrate phosphate dextrose and that preserve blood for 21 days after mixing blood, under colder than 2-6 degrees Celsius. 2 – Article CPDA: They are the materials the previous addition of adenine, which in turn kept the blood for 29 days in the same previous methods. 3 – Article CPDA-I: This article reservation blood for 35 days ,save the whole blood.These three materials used amount of 63 cm ? full unit of blood is added about 400-450 cm ? of whole blood by withdrawing blood from the donor. Where that blood saves temperatures of 2-6 degrees Celsius private refrigerators to save the blood. 4 – SAG-M material or substance ADSOL: used to save the concentrated red blood cells for a period of 42 days degrees cooler than 2-6 degrees Celsius. This method using a 100 cm ? the sag-m or ADSOL be present unit separate from the whole blood units and connected pipe tight and sterile.As t he blood drawn from the donor and mixes textured CPD usual and after by the apartheid regime through centrifugal force refrigerated centrifugation separates blood plasma to the unit empty neighboring unit blood then keep red blood cells concentrated alone which are added directly 100 cm ? of the foregoing adsol / sag-m to keep red blood cells to centralize for a period of 42 days. 5 – Article Djileerool glycerol: Reservation concentrated red blood cells for a period of 15 years or more and under cooler from 65 to 200 degrees Celsius below zero.This modern way used to freeze red blood cells concentrated from rare species or negative and is dissolving blood frozen after that when usage and the need for washing cells red, textured saline-glucose solution to remove material Djileerool of blood and then later used these red blood cells to patients. The means of blood plasma and sludge near, it is frozen in freezers less degree cold out to about 30 to 35 degrees below zero and one year AD full, but platelets, they kept for five days in a continuous motion to prevent damage, and the degree of conservation of 20-22 degrees Celsius.Types of Blood Transfusion Blood Transfusion: Full blood transfusion whole blood: The simplest kinds of transport where blood is taken from the donor and kept in the fridge at a temperature close to almost 8 degrees. Which is used during times of emergency, But loses its anti-bleeding elements. Transfer plasma: As we know consists of blood â€Å"red blood cells + plasma† If red blood cells transport oxygen. The tasks of the plasma containing elements prevent blood clots. And thus will be useful for many patients and gives better results and faster as patients liver.As well as a pint of pure plasma is easier on the body of a mixed-liter of whole blood. Transfer platelets: It is relatively more expensive and needs modern major hospitals. Or be separated manually through lab technician but needs a sterile room at 100%, which may b e difficult to get it continuously. The mean platelet extract â€Å"only† from the donor and returned the rest of the blood â€Å"plasma + erythrocytes† donated to the same moment. It is suitable for patients who suffer from a shortage of blood platelets, which help heal wounds. Refrigerators Blood Bank: You will find two types of refrigerators: – refrigerators for keeping blood bags full whole blood: And often have gate transparent glass shelves. Each rack of a particular department or certain species. There is, for example, a special rack Balveselh A-or there is a special rack, Department of Orthopedic.. Each section has a share of the blood bags. There is a special rack emergency. Wharf special surplus â€Å"given any section†. Refrigerator temperature appears on a small digital screen. In addition, the average temperature of 8 degrees Celsius. 2 – refrigerators to save plasma bags: temperature of about 43 below zero ..Because plasma contain ele ments prevent icing and prevent bleeding and proteins need to lower temperatures to save Blood transfusion bags: Per bag hose blogger called â€Å"tube†, Recorded in the book Blood Bank. As an example: No. This bag is hose 123456a .. And on each paper bag writable. Adzun â€Å"name of the donor† and â€Å"the name of the patient† and â€Å"taking blood† and â€Å"blood†. Daily and periodically examine the contents of refrigerators of blood bags and review its date. In the event of termination validity blood bag is left out of order execution .. Blood bags execution: Be executed â€Å"get rid† of blood in two cases.Either analyzes showed that the donor patient in one of the viruses â€Å"hepatitis or AIDS or syphalis† Or â€Å"expiration blood†. Collect the bags to be culled in environmental bags â€Å"red†. And closes tightly car to take them medical waste to get rid of them safely through the burning in special containe rs .. Books of blood transfusion: All data is recorded books, Name of the donor, blood type and result of the analysis and the compatibility and tube. When asked for any blood bag section. The technician or doctor reviewed the book and the contents of the fridge and writes a receipt or revenue blood bag, such as banks completely